With 1.95 million e-bikes sold and a further 43.4 % growth in Germany alone, one thing is clear: 2020 was the year of micromobility. An end to the current trend is not expected, particularly since the ease of riding is being further improved thanks to new developments in gear technology. As part of its work in developing more efficient gears, the Morat Swoboda Motion is also researching the combination of new manufacturing processes for plastics and metals, with promising prospects.
No other area of mobility places such high demands on gear technology as micromobility. As such, the space available for installation and the permissible weight of the gear unit are greatly restricted, while the highest possible power density and efficiency have to be achieved at the same time — all while generating minimal noise. After all, efficient multi-stage gear units cannot simply be sized down at will. Reducing weight by slimming down components has its own challenges, since a thin-walled housing, for example, causes vibration in solid-body structures (think structure-borne sound) and results in greater noise development. In e-bikes, though, this is precisely what has to be avoided, since a smooth ride is paramount for many customers when making a purchasing decision. There is a clear need for innovations.
One of the main causes of noise is the meshing of gears, resulting in the teeth deforming elastically due to the high load, and causing them to be effectively offset from the non-engaged teeth. This offset leads to the impact as the subsequent teeth — that are not yet subjected to the load — mesh. Since the noise generated by metal gears is comparatively high, Morat Swoboda Motion sees considerable potential in the use of engineering plastics. The gear expert is researching gear concepts and gear tooth designs that allow plastic to be used in place of metal, making gears turn significantly more quietly overall. “The use of plastics at particularly noise-sensitive points in the power train has enormous potential. The gear concept and design have to be designed with plastic in mind. The objective is to gain more insight into the gear-specific parameters for plastics. We have no doubt that we are on the right track, though,” says Bastian Gloeden from the technology team.
How can components become smaller and thus lighter without sacrificing performance? Morat Swoboda Motion is dedicated to answering this question and has been working on new production possibilities not only for plastics, but also for metals. The result: cold extrusion—an efficient and promising solution for steel production. While conventional gear milling breaks the grain of the steel, causing fractures, cold extrusion presses the steel into a corresponding negative mold. This generates a continuous, equidistant grain structure on the surface and cold hardening. Gears produced by cold extrusion are thus up to 30% more efficient than conventionally milled gears, meaning that increased performance is also possible with lighter steel components.
As part of further technological development, the Eisenbach-based gear specialist is constantly adding new machining processes to its core competencies. Depending on the component geometry, skiving allows the gear quality to be refined by one or two qualities compared to broaching or stroking. In addition, micro-modifications to the teeth such as crowning can be achieved. This prevents wear on the edges that can lead to tooth damage or breakage due to excessive stress on the edges of the teeth. Unlike stroking, skiving also allows for hard machining. Short cycle times and high flexibility also make skiving an exceptionally economical process.
The high demands placed on the gears of the future pose major challenges for the development and production process, which can only be solved with comprehensive expertise. For this reason, Morat Swoboda Motion has already spent years investing in the research areas of plastics and metal to achieve the best possible results in gear development by intelligently pairing the two materials. In addition, by closely linking development and series production, Morat Swoboda Motion ensures the high-quality production of high-performance gear solutions that are also able to meet the increased material and performance requirements of future e-bike innovations.
* Figures based on the annual report of the ZIV (Zweirad-Industrie-Verband: Figures – Data – Facts on the German bicycle and e-bike market 2021, March 16th, 2022)
https://www.ziv-zweirad.de/fileadmin/redakteure/Downloads/Marktdaten/PM_ZIV_Fahrrad-_und_E-Bike_Markt_2021.pdf
** Source: Statista – Growth rate in sales of cargo bikes in Europe from 2019 to 2021 (compared to the previous year, in percent)
https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/1166113/umfrage/absatz-von-lastenraedern-in-europa/
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